Nutritional losses: Nigeria - Maize - 2004

Equivalent number of people’s annual dietary requirements (number of national weighted average people)
Nigeria total Abia Abuja Federal Capital Territory Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara
Energy   3,785,284 30,708 3,324 120,883 48,963 34,452 111,651 2,390 100,787 253,853 68,694 83,069 16,705 60,615 69,410 60,215 118,413 112,359 3,638 623,361 66,787 106,753 16,999 188,880 75,854 1,028 62,255 255,087 57,253 126,943 51,134 191,691 225,485 68,687 9,237 313,239 11,117 33,366  
Carbohydrate   4,435,616 35,983 3,895 141,652 57,375 40,371 130,833 2,800 118,102 297,466 80,496 97,340 19,575 71,030 81,335 70,560 138,757 131,663 4,263 730,458 78,261 125,094 19,920 221,331 88,887 1,204 72,951 298,912 67,090 148,752 59,919 224,624 264,225 80,488 10,824 367,055 13,027 39,098  
Protein   7,046,605 57,165 6,188 225,034 91,148 64,135 207,847 4,449 187,622 472,567 127,880 154,639 31,097 112,841 129,212 112,095 220,435 209,165 6,773 1,160,436 124,329 198,729 31,645 351,616 141,209 1,913 115,893 474,864 106,582 236,314 95,189 356,848 419,759 127,866 17,196 583,119 20,695 62,113  
Fat   1,452,427 11,783 1,276 46,383 18,787 13,219 42,841 916.9 38,672 97,404 26,358 31,874 6,410 23,258 26,633 23,105 45,435 43,112 1,396 239,186 25,626 40,962 6,523 72,474 29,106 394.3 23,887 97,878 21,968 48,708 19,620 73,552 86,520 26,355 3,544 120,191 4,266 12,803  
Fibre, total dietary   7,557,018 61,306 6,637 241,334 97,750 68,780 222,902 4,771 201,212 506,797 137,142 165,840 33,349 121,014 138,571 120,215 236,402 224,315 7,264 1,244,491 133,335 213,124 33,938 377,085 151,437 2,051 124,287 509,260 114,302 253,431 102,084 382,696 450,164 137,128 18,442 625,357 22,194 66,612  
Calcium, Ca   567,295 4,602 498.2 18,117 7,338 5,163 16,733 358.1 15,105 38,045 10,295 12,449 2,503 9,084 10,402 9,024 17,746 16,839 545.3 93,422 10,009 15,999 2,548 28,307 11,368 154.0 9,330 38,229 8,580 19,025 7,663 28,728 33,793 10,294 1,384 46,945 1,666 5,000  
Iron, Fe   8,216,780 66,658 7,216 262,404 106,284 74,785 242,363 5,187 218,779 551,042 149,115 180,319 36,261 131,579 150,669 130,710 257,041 243,899 7,898 1,353,141 144,975 231,731 36,901 410,006 164,658 2,230 135,138 553,721 124,281 275,557 110,997 416,107 489,465 149,100 20,052 679,954 24,132 72,428  
Zinc, Zn   4,109,603 33,339 3,609 131,241 53,158 37,404 121,217 2,594 109,422 275,602 74,580 90,186 18,136 65,809 75,357 65,374 128,558 121,986 3,950 676,770 72,509 115,900 18,456 205,063 82,353 1,116 67,589 276,942 62,159 137,819 55,515 208,115 244,805 74,572 10,029 340,077 12,070 36,224  
Folate, total   2,417,930 19,615 2,123 77,217 31,276 22,007 71,319 1,526 64,380 162,154 43,880 53,062 10,670 38,719 44,337 38,464 75,639 71,771 2,324 398,185 42,662 68,191 10,859 120,651 48,454 656.3 39,767 162,942 36,572 81,087 32,663 122,447 144,034 43,875 5,901 200,088 7,101 21,313  
Vitamin A (RAE)   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  
Vitamin C   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  

Data version 2.19.3

Nutritional losses

154.0 people 1,353,141 people

Nutritional Loss

Complete data

Specified to local conditions

Incomplete data

Some contextual data is missing

Minimal data

Postharvest loss profiles only

–No data

Not applicable or no data available

Nutritional losses

APHLIS postharvest loss figures have been combined with food composition data to determine the quantities of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses of the different crops in each sub-Saharan African country.

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Annual recommended dietary intake datasets are then used to calculate the human impact of these crop postharvest losses of nutrients for each country, and for specific focal groups (e.g. women of reproductive age) within each country. A more detailed description of the nutritional postharvest loss and human impact calculation process will be made available shortly in Stathers et al.

Read more about how APHLIS estimates losses ›

Available metrics

Absolute value this shows the ‘absolute value' of the amount of the selected crop lost annually postharvest in either kcals (for energy value) or tonnes (for each of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) or micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C)).

Percentage loss (%) when 'Nutrients Lost %' dataview and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows the cumulative % loss in weight of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats), calories and micronutrients (including iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A and C) lost annually due to postharvest losses in the selected country, crop and year combination. This figure is the same as the 'Percentage loss (%)' shown in the Losses table tab.

When any of the population group dataviews (for example, 'National Weighted Average Persons', 'Women of Reproductive Age', 'Children (7 months - 4 years)' and 'Percentage loss (%)' metric are selected, this shows what percentage of that population group's annual nutrient intake requirements of the selected nutrient/s was lost postharvest in the selected country, crop and year combination.

Data views

Nutrients Lost (quantity) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows the quantity of selected nutrients lost postharvest (in kcal or t) for selected crop, country and year combination.

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of nutrients lost postharvest for selected crop, country and year combination.

National Weighted Average (number of national weighted average persons) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average people from the selected country calculated based on the proportion of the population in each life-stage group in the selected country and their nutritional requirements. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national populations annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average person per country calculations). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'.  [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Women of reproductive age (number of women 14-50 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average women of reproductive age (14-50 years) from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of women in this age range and the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in these life-stage groups per country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of women 14-50 years olds’ annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average woman 14-50 years old, nutrient requirement per country calculations, which use the proportion of non-pregnant, pregnant and breastfeeding women in this age group). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

Children (number of children 7 months - 4 years) when the 'Absolute value' metric is selected, this dataview shows what the postharvest losses for the selected crop, country and year combination equate to in terms of annual nutrient intake requirements for how many average children between 7 months and 5 years old from the selected country calculated based on the nutritional requirements of children in these age ranges and their demographic proportions in the selected country. The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients' [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015].

When the 'Percentage loss (%)' metric is selected, this dataview shows the percentage of national population of 7 month to <5 years old annual nutrient intake requirements lost postharvest (using weighted average 7 month to <5 years nutrient requirement per country calculations, which depend on demographic structure of the population). The data used for nutritional requirements of each nutrient is described in the section below 'About the nutrients'. [Data for calculations sourced from: UNDESA, 2017; USAID, undated; IoM, 2005; 2011; FAO/WHO, 2007; FAO, 2011; NDC, 2015]

About the nutrients

When a country and a crop have been selected, the user can in the 'Nutrient' field select to view postharvest losses in terms of a specific nutrient (for example, Carbohydrate, or Zinc, or Vitamin A) by selecting the specific nutrient, or for all the nutrients simultaneously by selecting 'All items'.

All items selection of the 'All items' option in the Nutrient field produces a dataview with a table showing data for each of the nutrients listed below. Alternatively, by selecting a specific nutrient, for example, 'Carbohydrate', the Carbohydrate loss data for the selected crop for each province of the selected country is shown. 

Energy annual Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for Active Physical Activity Level used from 4 year old life-stage group onwards using reference body weights based on healthy body mass index. [Source: Institute of Medicine (IoM), 2005]

Carbohydrate figures based on 62.5% of energy from carbohydrates, using FAO/WHO (2007) scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition, which recommends 50-75%E from carbohydrates [Source: FAO/WHO, 2007]

Protein figures based on per kg Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and reference body weights [Source: IoM, 2005]

Fat figures for life-stages of >1 years old use FAO guidelines of 20-35% of energy from fat [Source: FAO (2010)]. Figures for 0-12 month olds from IoM (2005).

Fibre, total dietary based on an adequate intake (AI) values of (14g fibre/1,000kcal/d) [Source: IoM, 2005]

Calcium, Ca figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Iron, Fe figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of 12% iron bioavailability in diets with some haem iron and vit C as per Nutrition for Developing Countries (NDC) (2015) assumptions.

Zinc, Zn figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011], converted to reflect the assumption of low zinc bioavailability in heavily cereal-based diets [Source: NDC, 2015; Governments of Australia and New Zealand, 2019]

Folate, total figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin A (RAE) figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) of retinol activity equivalents (RAEs) for specified lifestage group. 1 RAE = 1mcg retinol, 12 mcg beta-carotene, 24 mcg alpha-carotene, or 24 mcg beta-cryptoxanthin [Source: IoM, 2011]

Vitamin C figures use EARs (>1 year olds) or AIs (0-12 months olds) for specified lifestage group [Source: IoM, 2011]

Food composition tables

Food composition tables provide data on the amounts of the nutritionally important components of different foods and crops. Food composition data include energy values, and nutrients such as carbohydrate, protein, fat, dietary fibre, calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A and vitamin C.

However, different varieties of a crop may differ in terms of the relative amounts of nutrients they contain, due to genetic differences, additionally the soil and climate conditions during crop production can significantly influence the nutrient content of crops. To date, detailed data sets of the nutrient composition of different varieties grown under different conditions or in different locations are not available. To try and help account for some of the varietal difference between regions, the APHLIS nutritional postharvest loss (NPHL) tool uses data from four food composition tables to provide representative nutrient composition data for the focal crops, these are the Tanzania, West Africa, Lesotho, and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) datasets described below.  Depending on the country the user has selected, the food composition data from the Tanzania, West Africa or Lesotho dataset will be automatically selected based on geographical regions. If desired, the user can instead select one of the other food composition tables or the USDA table. Additional food composition tables or datasets can be added, please contact the APHLIS team regarding this. 

Tanzania, 2008 by selecting the Tanzania, 2008 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Muhimbili University of Health and Allie Sciences, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Harvard School of Public Health, (2008). Tanzania Food Composition Tables. 272 pp. Compiled by Lukmanji, Z., Hertzmark, E., Mlingi, N., Assey, V., Ndossi, G., Fawzi., W.

West Africa, 2012 by selecting the West Africa, 2012 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. FAO, INFOODS, WAHO, Bioversity International, (2012). West African Food Composition Table (2012). pp 171. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2698b/i2698b00.pdf.

Lesotho, 2006 by selecting the Lesotho, 2006 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. Lephole, M.M., Khaketla, M.C., Monoto, M.E., (2006). Lesotho Food Composition Table. 1st edition. 127pp.

USDA, 2018 by selecting the USDA, 2018 food composition table the quantity of nutrients lost postharvest will be calculated based on the composition of the selected crop as shown in this food composition table. USDA, (2018). National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy April 2018 Software v.3.9.4.4 2018-07-18

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